Globalization and Illustrates in India and Nicaragua Research Paper

Globalization and Illustrates in India and Nicaragua - Research Paper Example After a rigorous analysis here we have an example of a county being negatively affected by the effects of globalization. Resultantly, the individuals i.e. the Youth in Nicaragua is now determined to put in play new and autonomous forms of outfit in an attempt to trigger massive positive change in their very own localities. To determine all this, a wide variety of sources, including geographic data, ethnographic data and all other sources of economic data have been used. The reasons why globalization made one country to prosper and the other to deteriorate both socially and economically have been well analyzed and integrated into the conclusion. Since the partition from Pakistan and Freedom from Colonial rulers, Indian Economy has been striving really hard to stabilize itself. The partition from Pakistan also affected the economy negatively as all the economic assets like; printing presses, manufacturing units, fertile agricultural lands, and the irrigation system. This division affected the economy adversely and it took almost two decades to recover from the after math of that economic and political shock. British traders still have a strong influence on the Indian economy as in the late nineties the industrial development stagnated and the market had to be saved for the foreign traders. Analysts support that the efforts to free the country’s economy from state interventions contributed a lot to the stable growth that came on the face in the 1980s. As a known fact, the open economy and a free-market economy has lesser governmental interventions. Thus, bringing in more creativity by waiving off more and more restrictions to let people trade in the way they want to. In India, the economically active class of the society had strived to their wits to free the market from unnecessary governmental interventions. However, that period was also marked with heavy foreign borrowing.

Memorandum Mandatory Use of Turkish Language Essay Example for Free

Memorandum Mandatory Use of Turkish Language Essay This Memorandum aims to provide brief information on (i) provisions and restrictions imposed by the Law on Mandatory Use of Turkish Language by Economic Enterprises numbered 805 and dated 10 April 1926 (the â€Å"Law No. 805†) on Turkish and foreign enterprises; (ii) consequences of non-compliance with the Law No. 805; and (iii) application of the good faith principle in the light of the precedents of the Turkish Supreme Court of Appeals (the â€Å"Court of Appeals†). A. SCOPE OF THE LAW NO. 805 The Law No. 805 is applicable to all Turkish and foreign enterprises with respect to transactions listed in Articles 1 and 2 of the Law No. 805; however, application of the Law No. 805 differs depending on the nationality of the enterprise. 1. TurkÄ ±sh EnterprÄ ±ses In accordance with Article 1 of the Law No. 805, â€Å"Any type of companies and enterprises which have Turkish nationality shall use Turkish language in all kinds of transactions, agreements, correspondences, accounts and books within Turkey†. According to Article 1 of the Law No.805, each company and enterprise a the Turkish nationality is obliged to keep any kind of transaction, records and books and execute all agreements and make all communications with each other in Turkish language within the territory of Turkey. Accordingly, the only exclusion for the obligation of the use of Turkish language in transactions and communications of Turkish companies and enterprises is the case where such transactions and communications are executed/performed outside the territory of Turkey. In that respect, it is clear that an agreement to be executed between two or more Turkish companies should be prepared and signed in Turkish language, or if it is preferred to be executed in a foreign language, to be accompanied with a Turkish version which shall prevail in the event of discrepancy. There are several court decisions in this respect. In one of its judgments, the Court of Appeals has upheld that the parties, in the text of the agreement may refer to non-Turkish (international) terms and/ or clauses, only if (i) these terms cannot be replaced by a counterpart in Turkish; and (ii) the parties are obliged to include such terms in the agreement. However, it has also underlined by the Court of Appeals that this rule is valid only for terms and expressions either with no counterpart in Turkish or which cannot be written in Turkish. Similarly, in a later decision, the Court of Appeals has ruled that if the parties are both Turkish then all agreements must be executed in Turkish; although international terms and expressions may be incorporated into a Turkish agreement as a special condition. In this decision, the Court of Appeals has not accepted the usage of a maturity clause which was drafted in English language in an agreement executed in Turkish language since such maturity clause could easily be drafted in Turkish language as well. 2. ForeÄ ±gn enterprÄ ±ses In accordance with Article 2 of the Law No. 805, â€Å"This obligation applies to foreign companies and enterprises only in their communications, transactions and relations with the Turkish institutions and persons and for the documents, books and records which must be submitted to governmental offices and government officers.† Pursuant to Turkish legislation, a foreign enterprise is a duly incorporated legal entity that has its registered office outside of Turkey. For foreign enterprises, as stated above, the requirement of Turkish language usage is limited only to (i) transactions, correspondences and communications with persons and legal entities subject to Turkish laws; and (ii) documents, books and records which will be presented to Turkish authorities. In contrast with Article 1 of Law No. 805, Article 2 of the Law No. 805 has a narrower a scope of obligation to use Turkish language. The wording â€Å"agreement† is willingly not stated in Article 2 on purpose. In other words, the Law No. 805 does not specifically refer to agreements under the provision concerning foreign entities. This omission indicates that the Law No. 805 allows the execution of an agreement between a foreign entity and a Turkish entity in a foreign language. There are several court decisions with respect to Article 2 of the Law No. 805. In a decision by the 11th Circuit of the Court of Appeals, the Court of Appeals has upheld that all accounts and books have to be in Turkish language, when submitted to the relevant Turkish authorities. Otherwise, they do not have any validity before Turkish courts. The Court of Appeals has come to a similar conclusion summarizing that Turkish enterprises may enter into agreements with foreign enterprises in any language since Article 2 of the Law No. 805 specifically lists instances where foreign enterprises are prohibited from using a foreign language and this list does not include agreements. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals has concluded that agreements may be executed in any foreign language, where one of the parties is a foreign enterprise and the other is Turkish. According to this decision, an agreement executed in a foreign language between a foreign company and a Turkish company is valid and binding on the parties pursuant to and under Turkish laws. However, under Article 4 of the Law No.805, the parties are compelled to use Turkish language in all correspondences with respect to the agreement, although the agreement is allowed to be drafted in a foreign language. B. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW NO. 805 Pursuant to Article 7 of the Law No. 805, any party violating the related provisions is imposed to a judicial fine of at least 100 days. The Turkish Penal Code numbered 5237 has regulated the judicial fine provisions and accordingly the judicial fine for one day shall be determined between TL 20 – TL 100 depending on (i) severity of violation; (ii) specific and economic conditions of persons; and (iii) discretion of judges. C. GOOD FAITH PRINCIPLE Pursuant to Article 2 of the Turkish Civil Code, raising a good faith claim is possible regarding the conflicts in an agreement. While deciding on the validity of the good faith claims, the determination shall be made on a case-to-case basis. In terms of disputes regarding non-compliance with the Law No. 805, there is not a definite provision for the application of the good faith principle and we have not come across any judgment of the Court of Appeals regarding the good faith claims has raised with respect to the application of the Law No. 805. However, with respect to the general provisions regarding the good faith claims, by analogy, the following solution may apply to conflicts on the mandatory use of Turkish language in agreements. In the event that the parties have carried out their performances to the fullest extent, considering that the agreement is valid, the agreement, itself, should be considered valid, as well. The Court of Appeals, in one of its judgments, has stated that if parties have carried out their obligations under a contract for a long time, it would be a violation of the good faith principles to claim that the related contract is invalid. Similarly, the Assembly of Civil Chambers of the Court of Appeals has ruled in a former decision that the right to raise a good faith claim is restricted when the party raising the claim is acting against the good faith principle. Although the aforementioned judgment does not directly refer to a dispute under the Law No. 805, the following conclusion could be drawn: when one or both of the parties is awaring (or shall be aware) of the mandatory use of Turkish language requirement and the aware party (or parties) disregards this rule on purpose, they should not be able to rely on a good faith claim regarding the language of the agreement.

Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Options Effectiveness

Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Options Effectiveness Effectiveness and Controversies of Disease Modifying Treatments (DMTs) Pharmacists consider Type I Interferons (IFNs) a safe long-term treatment option for RRMS and they have widely used IFNs in the past two decades. The activity of Interferon-Beta (IFNB) is similar to that of the interferon produced by the body. Studies indicate that they have the ability to reduce the rate of relapse compared to placebos. However, based on comparisons of historical data, scientists also report that the ÃŽ ²-Interferons contribute significantly to the progression of multiple sclerosis (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Incomplete recovery from MS episodes can lead to permanent disability, especially during the relapsing remitting stage of MS. Two types of interferon-beta occur and include Interferon beta-1a and non-glycosylated interferon beta-1b. Initially, medics used the type-1 Interferons for the treatment of the MS because of their antiviral nature. This was because of the tendency of viral infections to prompt the relapse of the disease (Compston Coles, 2002). One of the arguments toward the mechanism of the type 1 interferon revolves around the down regulation of the expression of the MCH class II antigens. However, researchers believe that other complex mechanisms are associated with the activity of the type-1 interferon. The side effects associated with the administration of the ÃŽ ²-Interferons are dependent the frequency, route, and dose of administration. Acyclovir can nullify the side effects before the treatment with the ÃŽ ²-Interferons (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Another DMT approved for the treatment of RRMS is Glatiramer Acetate (GA). Initial experiments showed it suppressed MS in animals. Several clinical trials indicated that GA reduced the rate of relapse of the MS compared to the placebo and this led to its approval in 1996. Medics administer the polymer through a subcutaneous injection. Reports show that the route of administration reduces the number of parameters of the disease shown during MRI (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Additionally, recent studies have reported a balance in the treatment of both GA and Interferon Beta. Since experiments show that GA lacks long-term side effects, significant in the progression of the MS, its use in the routine treatment of MS has been ongoing for over 15 years. Experiments show that the immunomodulatory activity of the GA improves the cells of the inborn and adaptive resistant system. In 2004, the FDA approved the use of Natalizumab for the treatment of RRMS. Natalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that directs its activity towards the ÃŽ ±-4 subunit of the integrin ÃŽ ±-4 beta 1 and the lymphocyte receptors of the ÃŽ ±-4 beta 7 lymphocytes (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). The drug blocks the interaction between the VCAM-1 ligand and the VLA-4 receptor by binding to the ÃŽ ±-4 integrin on lymphocytes. Prior to its approval, different clinical studies demonstrated remarkable activity on the relapse of MS. Of all the approved treatment, the FDA reports Natalizumab to be the most efficacious, though it has some side effects. Buzzard, Broadley, and Butzkueven, (2012) report that Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) occurs in over 200 patients treated with Natalizumab some of which have been fatal. Fingolimod is a drug administered orally. In 2004, the FDA approved it for the treatment of MS. The drug is a lysophospholipid original used in organ transplantation. Initially, medics used Fingolimod in combination with cyclosporine, but the drug was not efficacious in the prevention of organ rejection after renal transplant (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Despite this setback, clinical trials conducted later demonstrated that it reduced the progression of MS. Since the route of administering the drug is oral, it has an advantage over all the agents administered through an injection. The activity of the Fingolimod occurs through the interaction with G-protein-coupled sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. However, no study has been done to prove the immunomodulation activity of the drug. Alemtuzumab is another monoclonal antibody whose activity gears toward CD52, found on the surface of natural killer cells, and B and T lymphocytes (Azzopardi Coles, 2011). The CD52 also exists in some dendritic cells and monocytes. In addition, the Alemtuzumab is involved in the lysis of cells that express the CD52. One of the clinical trials that researched on the activity of the agent on MS patients was the CARE-MS 1 study and the researchers compared the activity to ÃŽ ¼g beta-IFN. The scientists reported a reduction in the occurrence of RRMS at the rate of 54% (Cross Naismith, 2013). The CARE-MS II study compared the agent with beta-IFN 1a in relapsed patients and reported a reduction in the rate or relapse (49%). However, the drug was reported to have adverse side effects in the two different clinical trials. The side effects reported ranged from mildly to moderately severe and the most common was the development of secondary autoimmune diseases. Additionally, scientists repor ted cases of thyroid carcinoma in the CARE-MS 1 trial. As the result of the increased interest in the use of oral therapy, in an effort to improve the compliance of the MS patients, medics are using a number of emerging agents as DMTs (Buzzard, Broadley, Butzkueven, 2012). Fumaric acid is one of the emerging agents. It is administered as Dimethyl Fumarate, which is a product of the citric cycle. Medics have used Dimethyl Fumarate for many decades in the treatment of Psoriasis, especially in Germany. Studies have suggested that the agent is effective against pro inflammatory mediators, such as adhesion factors, cytokines, and chemokine in MS. Its activity is directed toward reducing NF-ÃŽÅ¡b activity and thus reducing the expressions of molecules that cause inflammation. The progression of the MS is associated with damage to cells in the central nervous system and researchers report that Fumaric acid esters offers protection against damage to these cells. Several clinical trials have used BG-12, which is a derivative of the Fumaric acid as it contains DMF. Researchers report a reduction in the rate of relapse. Lastly, medics have used other emerging agents as DMTs for MS that include Teriflunomide, Laquinimod, Alemtuzamab, Daclizumab, and B-Cell therapies. Effectiveness and Controversies of Symptomatic Treatments A collective symptom reported in patients with MS is fatigue. According to Kaminska, Kimoff, Schwartzman, and Trojan (2013), there has been an inconsistent finding in the correlation between fatigue and the extent of disability. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) measures the physical fatigue attributed to physical impairment. Depression and pain in the MS patient is also considered an indicator of the level of fatigue in the patients. The treatment used for the management of the fatigue is non-pharmacologically based CBT therapy. In addition, medics have used drugs, such as amantadine, modafinil, and pemoline in the management of the fatigue. However, the presence of undiagnosed sleep disturbance disorders is one of the confounding factors reported in testing the efficacy of these drugs. Other non-pharmacological treatments involve energy-conservation techniques and exercise, such as pacing and spacing activities (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). In cases where medics use pharmacologic al interventions in fatigued MS patients, the tolerance levels and effectiveness should determine the doses. Although walking impairment occurs gradually in patients with MS, it may be characterized with a gradual onset in some patients (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). This affects the patients balance and gait and could have emotional effect on the patients. Medics administer Dalfampridine (Ampyra) to patients with walking impairments but it is contraindicative in patients with history of renal diseases and seizures. Its activity acts toward the repair of damaged nerves as it acts as a blocker for the potassium channel and medics administer it orally. The recommended dosage for the drug is one tablet (10 mg) taken two times in day. Moreover, in two randomized controlled trials, the conclusions made by the researchers were that the dosage of 10 mg taken twice a day improved the walking speed of MS patients. However, the drug has side effects that include dizziness, nausea and nervousness (Patti, et al., 2009). The occurrence of tremors and ataxia occurs in patients with MS and the treatment is challenging. Medics manage Ataxia through rehabilitation or pharmacology through the administration of Levetiracetam, Clonazepam, Topiramate, Propranolol, and Clonazepam. Researchers report the medications to have modest effects on the Ataxia. In addition, surgical interventions that involve deep brain stimulation have been reported to be effective in some patients (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Spasticity occurs in patients with MS and it is dependent on the increase in velocity of the muscle tissues, because of increase in tone and rigidity of the motor pathway. The symptom occurs in about 75 % of the MS patients and medics can manage it through conservative techniques or drugs; either injected into the patient or administered orally (Pappalardo, Castiglione, Restivo, Calabrese, Cimino, Patti, 2006). The conservative methods involve bracing, casting, and stretching exercises (Mori, et al., 2011). Baclofen and tizanidine are the most common form of first line treatment for spasticity but are associated with side effects, such as weakness and sedation (Rizzo, Hadjimichael, Preiningerova, Vollmer, 2004). The second and third line treatments used for spasticity include dantrolene, gabapentin, and benzodiazepines. Another common system in MS is pain and it is usually because of the loss of inhibitory pathways in the spine. Demyelination or axonal loss cause acute pain in the MS patients while bladder spasms and vertebral compression cause sub-acute pain. The drugs used for the management of pain include gabapentin, pregabalin, antiepileptics and carbamazepine and they are first line treatment forms for neuropathic pains (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Cannabinoids are also efficient in pain management and medics use them to manage spinal injury and spasticity (Pertwee, 2002). Clinical depression affects about 50% of MS patients and the available treatments regimes include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitors, which are all anti-depressants (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Pseudo Bulbar Affect (PBA) is a neurologic disorder that presents with symptoms such as laughing and crying and researchers report it in about 10% of the patients. The management of PBA involves the administration of quinidine sulfate, and dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Ben-Zacharia, 2011). Cognitive dysfunction occurs in 50% of MS patients and it affects the speed at which the patient processes information, losses memory and vision, reduces verbal fluent, and reduces the attention span (Patti, et al., 2009). Researchers have tested Acetylcholinesterase in MS patients with promising results. However, a recent clinical trial disputed the efficacy of the drug. The FDA has approved other drugs, such as memantine and rivastigmine for use on Alzheimer’s patients but not MS. The conservative management of this dysfunction involves use of methods that retrain and improve on the memory and visual ability of the patients. Conclusion Current Research Strength For over two decades, researchers have conducted research on MS and the available treatments. However, even with all the research the currently available treatments have been unable to reduce the occurrence of symptoms in all the patients. The immunopathogenic factors in different patients determine their responses to the different treatments. Research conducted on the current forms of treatment shows that immunopathogenic factors have varying and unexpected results in different patients. Researchers have also been unable to determine the exact mechanisms that affect the disease process of MS. Additionally, several studies done regarding the disease reported disparities between clinical trials and animal models. Researchers agree that no single intervention is effective for halting the disease or reversing the effects of axonal degeneration and demyelination. This is an indicator that more research about MS is still in need to establish the mechanisms associated with the progression. Future Perspective Although there has been progress in research on the pathological, clinical and treatment of MS, some aspects remain unsolved. Researchers have based current research on the effort to repair the damage caused by the MS. Future researchers should aim at determining the treatments intended at healing the disease or reversing the disability attributed to MS. References Azzopardi, L., Coles, A. (2011). Alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 48 (2), 79-82. Ben-Zacharia, A. B. (2011). Therapeutics for multiple sclerosis symptoms. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 78 (2), 176–191. Buzzard, K. A., Broadley, S. A., Butzkueven, H. (2012). What do effective treatments for multiple sclerosis tell us about the molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis? International Journal of Molecular Science, 13 (10), 12665-12709. Compston, A., Coles, A. (2002). Multiple sclerosis. The Lancet, 359(9648), 1221–1231. Cross, A. H., Naismith, R. T. (2013). Established and novel disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis. Wiley, 1-19. Kaminska, M., Kimoff, R. J., Schwartzman, K., Trojan, D. A. (2013). Association between sleep disorders and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. CML Multiple Sclerosis, 5 (2), 29-38. McQualter, J. L., Bernard, C. C. (2007). Multiple sclerosis: a battle between destruction and repair. Journal of Neurochemistry, 100(2), 295–306. Mori, F., Ljoka, C., Magni, E., Codeca, C., Kusayanagi, H., Monteleone, F., Centonze, D. (2011). Transcranial magnetic stimulation primes the effects of exercise therapy in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, 258 (7), 1281–1287. Pappalardo, A., Castiglione, A., Restivo, D. A., Calabrese, A., Cimino, V., Patti, F. (2006). Pharmacologic management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Neurologic Science, 27 (4), S310–S315. Patti, F., Amato, M. P., Trojano, M., Bastianello, S., Tola, M. R., Goretti, B., Luccichenti, G. (2009). Cognitive impairment and its relation with disease measure in mildly disabled patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: baseline results from the Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 15 (7), 779–788. Pertwee, R. G. (2002). Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 95 (2), 165– 174. Rizzo, M. A., Hadjimichael, O. C., Preiningerova, J., Vollmer, T. L. (2004). Prevalence and treatment of spasticity reported by multiple sclerosis patients. Multiple Sclerosis, 10 (2), 589-595.

ICT Package :: ICT Essays

Clear Problem: - Company: Doctors Surgery Relocating: Kingston Needs: To keep all the patients details on a computer data base with appropriate back up system. Real User: Dr Steer Accessibility: This is strictly confident to Dr Steer only Solution: - This is a small but established surgery but has decided to go paperless. We have grown over the years and can no longer rely on our manual papers because they are simply getting too big. The move to new premises means we can set up the ideal ICT package tailor made for our needs. 1. To keep a details of the patients. 2. To enable accurate details on the patient. 3. Easy to access it as well. Objectives: - 1. Create a patient detail list with any long term diseases or medical formalities. 2. I will use access to produce an easy program for the doctor to use. 4. To enable a quick analysis of the total number of hours worked in a week to see for eligibility of a pay rise. 5. The system is legible, we producible and at the end of the tax year can be used to make the company report and tax declaration. Analyse: - Hardware: I recommend any modern and up to date computer technology, such as Dell. They provide reliable machines with easy ability to upgrade and excellent support service. It will need to have a CD-RW and a ZIP drive to enable the data to be backed up. Software: I need a clear easy to use spreadsheet package. I feel the best is Excel. This choice is based on recommendations and research of other software. The advantages are it is simple, easy and reliable. I will use the most up to date version and Microsoft is constantly updating it. Input: The data clerk will produce and update the date every week. The data is entered via a keyboard and an accounting manager will audit the accounts monthly and do reconciliation. Output: The data entered will be shown on a TFT screen and stored to a CD or/and ZIP. This will be printed off using a laser printer and filled in an accounting folder. Back up- Strategy: The accounts will be needed to be backed up every Friday evening. This is to protect the data from being lost due to a power surge. It will be backed up on disk and be stored in a fireproof safe. Design: - Initial Design: I am going to have a sample table to put my data on. I will draw it in rough first (see enclosed) to see if my initial ideas would work. The columns are headed: Employee number First Name

Personal selling process Essay

No 2 salespersons use exactly the same sales method, but it is generally a seven step process: 1. Prospecting and Evaluating Seek names of prospects through sales records, referrals etc., also responses to advertisements. Need to evaluate if the person is able (Undergraduate degree to attend a graduate program), willing and authorized to buy. Blind prospecting-rely on phone directory etc. 2. Preapproach (Preparing) Review key decision makers esp. for business to business, but also family assess credit histories prepare sales presentations identify product needs. Helps present the presentation to meet the prospects needs. 3. Approaching the Customer Manner in which the sales person contacts the potential customer. First impression of the sales person is Lasting and therefore important. Strive to develop a relationship rather than just push the product. Can be based on referrals, cold calling or repeat contact. 4. Making the Presentation Need to attract and hold the prospects Attention to stimulate Interest and stir up Desire in the product so the potential customer takes the appropriate Action. AIDA Try to get the prospect to touch, hold or try the product. Must be able to change the presentation to meet the prospect needs. Three types of presentations: Stimulus Response Format: Appropriate stimulus will initiate a buy decision, use one appeal after another hoping to hit the right button†¦Counter Clerk @ McDonald’s â€Å"Would you like fries with your burger?† Formula Selling Format: (Canned Sales Presentation) memorized, repetitive, given to all customers interested in a specific product. Good for inexperienced sales people. Better with heavily advertised items that are presold. Telemarketing a credit card!! Need Satisfaction Format: Based on the principal that each customer has a different set of needs/desires., therefore the sales presentation should be adapted to the individual customer’s needs, this is a key advantage of personal selling vs. advertising. Sales person asks questions first, then makes the presentation accordingly. Need to do homework, listen well and allow customers to talk etc. Must answer two types of questions: for more information overcome objections. Overcoming Objections Seek out objections and address them. Anticipate and counter them before the prospect can raise them. Try to avoid bringing up objections that the prospect would not have raised. Price objection is the most common Need to provide customers with reasons for the $s, build up the value before price is mentioned Must be convinced of price in own mind before you can sell to customer. Get budget info. on buyer before you try to sell, and must know what they want, must sell service on top of product augmented product–to create value!! Must know value of product, provide warranties etc.!! 5. Closing Ask prospect to buy product/products. Use trial closes, IE ask about financial terms, preferred method of delivery. 20% sales people generally close 80% sales., Avon, over 1/2 US $1.4 bn business from 17% of 415,000 SRs. Need to be prepared to close at any time. The following are popular closing techniques: Trial Close (Minor decision close) Assumptive close (Implied consent close) Urgency close Ask for the sale close If prospect says no, they may just need more reasons to buy!! 6. Following Up Must follow up sale, determine if the order was delivered on time, installation OK etc. Also helps determine the prospects future needs. Accomplishes four objectives: customer gain short term satisfaction referrals are stimulated in the long run, repurchase prevent cognitive dissonance Old school, sell and leave!!–Quickly before customer changes her mind!! Now: Stay a few minutes after sale–reinforce, make them feel good, made wise choice, leave small gift (with co. name on it!!), call office at any time etc!! Follow up, reinforce, know birthdays, new year etc, friendly correspondence†¦relationship building!! Handout†¦Toyota Calling In Japan’s Car Market Half of cars are sold door-to-door. This is shrinking due to environmental changes. Toyota has more than 100,000 door-to-door sales people. Developing Long-term relationships is key, Keiretsu, do business with only those you know and trust. Face-to-face meetings before business to establish trust, the approach stage. Follow up is key to relationship: After sales: call inquiring on car’s immediate performance hand written greeting cards written invitations for low cost oil changes Prospecting includes: Driving schools for people to obtain licenses = prospects Also referrals from existing customers is very important Curtesy calls to clients who referred new customers. Timing of presentation: To housewife in the middle of the day Just before 3 year â€Å"Shaken†, following 2 years â€Å"At first I had no intention of buying a new car, but Mr. Saito is very good at proposing reasons why I should change† = $1,600 shaken. Return to Contents Management of Salesforce Sales force is directly responsible for generating sales revenue. Eight general management areas: Establish Salesforce objectives Similar to other promotional objectives Demand oriented or image oriented. Major objective is persuasion, converting consumer interest into sales. Sales objectives; expected to accomplish within a certain period of time. Give direction and purpose and act as a standard for evaluation. Set for total salesforce and each individual salesperson. Can be $s, units sold, market share to achieve, for individual salespersons, also include ave. order size, ave. # of sales/time period, and ratio orders/calls. Return to Contents Organizing the Salesforce In-house vs. independent agents (manufacturer’s sales agents). Organize by: Geography (simplest, but not suitable if product(s) are complex or customers require specialized knowledge) Customer: Different buyers have different needs Product: Specific knowledge re: products is needed Size. Marginal analysis, or determine how many sales calls/year are needed for an organization to effectively serve its customers and divide this total by the average # of sales calls that a person makes annually. Also use subjective judgement. MBNA estimates how many calls to expect, one year in advance, and then determines the size of the salesforce at any given time. Return to Contents Recruiting and Selecting Salespeople Need to establish a set of required qualifications before beginning to recruit. Prepare a job description that lists specific tasks the salesperson should perform and analyze traits of the successful salespeople within the organization. May use assessment centers–intense training environment that places candidates in realistic problem settings in which they give priorities to their activities, make and act on decisions. Recruitment should be a continual activity aimed at reaching the best applicants. Applicants that most match the demographics of the target market. Changing demographics, may be wise to hire hispanic sales people if your territory is in Florida!! Return to Contents Training Sales Personnel Use formal programs, or Informal on-the-job training. Can be complex or simple. Training should focus on: the company products selling techniques. Aimed at new hires and experienced personnel. Can be held in the field, educational institutions or company facilities. Oldsmobile spent $25 million last year to teach its dealers how to better treat its customers. Return to Contents Compensating Sales People To attract, motivate and retain sales people, that facilitate and encourage good treatment of the customers. Need to understand personalities of sales people. Strive for proper balance of freedom, income and incentives. Need to determine the best level of compensation required, and the best method of calculating it. Straight salary straight commission (selling insurance)–single percentage of sales or sliding rate Combination plan Return to Contents Motivating Sales People Need a systematic approach, must also satisfy non-financial needs: Job security Working Conditions Opportunities to succeed Sales contests increase sales. Symbolic awards–plaques, rings etc. Can also use negative motivational methods for under performers. Due to burn out–even the best need motivating!! Ongoing process†¦keep reps. hungry Need a motivational program. Spend time with reps, personal attention!! Take interest in them and the sales goals Compensation packet that rewards quality salesmanship and extra effort Recognition of extra effort of sales force Make sure SR feel important Keep SR informed of company activities Make certain reps. believe in the company Goals must be realistic and achievable and changeable Determine what they want and give it to them Controlling and Evaluating Salesforce performance Rely on information from call reports, customer feedback and invoices. Performance is determined by objectives. May compare with predetermined performance standards or with other sales people working under similar conditions

American States With the Highest Teenage Abortion Rates

American States With the Highest Teenage Abortion Rates In a nation where abortion remains legal despite ongoing legal and legislative debate, which states have the highest rates of teenage abortion? A 2010 report by the Guttmacher Institute compiled teenage pregnancy and abortion statistics in the United States. These state by state statistics show a dramatic decrease in some states while others moved up a little on the list. However, as a whole, the U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates have declined dramatically in recent years. 10 States With the Highest Teen Abortion Rates The available 2010 data for abortions among women aged 15 to 19 is ranked by state. The rate reflects the number of abortions per thousand women in this age range.    Rank State Abortion Rate 1 New York 32 2 Delaware 28 3 New Jersey 24 4 Hawaii 23 5 Maryland 22 6 Connecticut 20 7 Nevada 20 8 California 19 9 Florida 19 10 Alaska 17 More Teen Pregnancy  Statistics and Analysis Overall, of the 614,410 teenage pregnancies reported in the U.S. during 2010, 157,450 ended in abortion and 89,280 in miscarriage. From 1988 to 2010, the abortion rate for teens dropped in every state with many seeing a 50 percent reduction or more. In 2010, 23 states reported an abortion rate in the single digits. Its also important to note that the majority of pregnancies and abortions involve 18- and 19-year-old women. The District of Columbia is the only place in the report with more abortions reported in the 15 to 17 range than in the older group. Yet, D.C. does not count in state rankings. The states with the lowest abortion rates in 2010 were South Dakota, Kansas, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Utah, Arkansas, Mississippi, Nebraska, and Texas. Each reported that fewer than 15 percent of teen pregnancies ended in abortion. However, that does not account for state residents who sought an abortion in neighboring states. Only three of the states above rank in the top ten states with the highest teenage pregnancy rates of young women age 15 to 19. They are Nevada (ranked seventh with 68 pregnancies per thousand); Delaware (ranked eighth with 67 pregnancies per thousand); Hawaii (ranked tenth with 65 pregnancies per thousand). The highest pregnancy rate in 2010 was in New Mexico, where 80 in every thousand teens became pregnant. This state ranks fourteenth in the abortion rate. Mississippi had the highest teenage birthrate, with 55 girls for every thousand. The Dramatic Decrease in Teenage Abortions According to this same report, in 2010, the teenage pregnancy rate dropped to a 30 year low (57.4 per thousand). It peaked in 1990 at 51 percent or 116.9 girls for every thousand. This is a significant decrease that has not gone unnoticed.   In a 2014  report also by the Guttmacher Institute, a 32 percent decrease was found in teenage abortions between 2008 and 2014. This follows the 40 percent decline in teenage pregnancies over this same period. There are many influences that are cited as causing this change. One is the fact that fewer teenagers are having sex in general. Among those teens that do have sex, there is an increased use in some form of contraception. The increase in sex education, as well as cultural influences, the media, and even the economy, are considered to have played a role as well. Source U.S. Teenage Pregnancy Statistics National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity. 2010. Guttmacher Institute.

TTC essays

TTC essays The T.T.C, as we all depend on, is supposed to be a great means of transportation provided by the government. Everybody relies on the T.T.C because it transport millions of people everyday. Students, especially, are very dependent on the public transportation, since majority of student cannot drive yet. We especially need it to get to school, or going to work and other commitments we may have. T.T.C is supposed to help us get places, and although it is our only public transportation, I am entirely against them. I do not agree with their decisions to go on strikes, which often comes once a year, this affects everyone especially students. Not to mention, a number of bus drivers lack courteous behavior. Finally, in respect to the rules, most bus drivers are way too strict in enforcing those rules. I feel the T.T.C takes advantage of our necessity to public transportation. Almost every year, the T.T.C goes on strikes, demanding raises. Their privilege of being a Union, gives them the idea that they have the right to go on strike and demand a raise. The people who suffer the most out of this are the students, because we the majority are very dependent on buses. We need them to get to and from school. Since most teenagers do not know how to drive, or live very far from the school. Not to mention, after every strike the prices on tickets increase. They fail to acknowledge Students financial situations. Some of us cannot afford to buy tickets every week. Does this mean that if you live far from the school and you cannot buy tickets, you cannot get your education? This should never be the case. They should consider us more than themselves. Or maybe the government should not give them so much. T.T.C employees are making more money than they should. It is very annoying when they constantly going on strike, they are greedy and always want ...

Mark Zuckerberg, an American computer scientist, software developer and philanthropist The WritePass Journal

Mark Zuckerberg, an American computer scientist, software developer and philanthropist   Introduction Mark Zuckerberg, an American computer scientist, software developer and philanthropist   IntroductionBackgroundProblem statementObjectivesResearch QuestionsSignificanceLimitationLiterature ReviewThe Role of MediaCharacteristic of Social networking SitesDifferences between Social Networking SitesUse of FacebookPositive ImpactNegative ImpactTheory Applied Uses and Gratifications TheoryMedia System Dependency TheoryResearch DesignPopulation and SamplingData CollectionDiscussion and ConclusionDiscussionConclusionRelated   Introduction â€Å"When you give everyone a voice and give people power, the system usually ends up in a really good place. So, what we view our role as, is giving people that power.† Said by Mark Zuckerberg. The above quotes is said by the founder of facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, an American  computer scientist,  software developer  and  philanthropist best know for creating the social networking site- Facebook.(Kroll, 2008)   Despite his young age of 26, he is already a billionaire and had awarded the Time Person of The Year 2010.(Grossman, 2010) Facebook  is a  social networking  website launched in February 2004 and operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc.(PenNameEM, 2011). It initially targeted Harvard students, but was later opened to other universities and then high schools. The websites membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area. It later expanded further to include any university student, then high school students, and, finally, to anyone aged 13 and over.   In 2006, Facebook allowed everyone to join and also added a News Feed feature that would broadcast changes in members pages to all Facebook users identified in their personal network of friends. It turned Facebook into a personalized social news service (Farlex, 2010). Facebook has a lot of features, (Social Media Boomer, 2009) like for example; people can add friends and send the messages, messages can be sent privately or publicly. A wall which allows friends to post messages for the user to see and use can tell what he/she up to by updating his/her status update. The news feed publishes updates on every user’s homepage and computer seen by the friends of the user. Facebook notes is a blogging feature that allows text and images and some blogs can be imported and Facebook. Facebook has a chat feature which allows instant messaging to friends. Mark Zuckerberg knew the power of social network more than anyone else and thus had created Facebook which had evolved to an essential-must-visit-site-each-day to many people all around the globe. The successful of Facebook had well enough to convey the importance of social network and had attracted a number of business people to venture the field. As Mark Zuckerberg said, â€Å"the web is at a really important turning point right now.† More and more people had engaged in social networking, resulting with a common norm in voicing out your opinion at the website instead of in front of the public, making friends blindly and deviatory exposing your whereabouts which in terms making the individual becomes more fragile to various danger . While on the bright side, social networking do have several advantage, It helps people to keep in touch despite geographical distances and it’s a much cheaper medium compare with the others. In short, facebook have its pros and cons, people have to aware the impact, be a smart user and not to fall prey on the downfall. Background Studies shows that facebook users had tremendously increase globally and how serious people get addicted to facebook.(Foster, 2010)   This phenomenon had brought up both positive and negative issues. People start to realize the power of facebook politically, economically and nevertheless socially. A lot of investments from well-known people had made to the facebook company. Thus, facebook had been upgraded and had expanded to all its potential direction, and yet meets no limitations. The website currently has more than 400 million active users worldwide. It is undeniable a huge phenomena and had affected other social website as well. At January 2009 Facebook has defeated MySpace. (TechCrunch. 2010) Since people are become more and more attach to this particular social networking website, it somehow had stirred up some important issue to the society. Facebook has somehow crush with some rules and regulations and has been banned in some countries including Pakistan(Aljazeera,2010), Syria(Global Voices, 2010),China(Youth Radio, 2010),Vietnam (CNN. 2010), and Iran(  Telegraph Media Group, 2010).It has also been banned at many places of work to discourage employees from wasting time using the service. (Facebook. 2010) Facebook settled a lawsuit regarding claims over source code and intellectual property. The site has also been involved in controversy over the sale of fans and friends. Privacy issue had been hotly debated among the people.(Facebook. 2010) Single status updated in facebook will allow the whole network friends knew what you are up to. Nevertheless the photo album posted, strangers may happen to approach to you on the street despite the fact that you do not even know them. Stalkers issue is also a triggering phenomenon. On the other hand, facebook had its positive side. It had been seen as a wide, rewarding potential market to the investors. Since it was a global phenomenon, international marketers utilize this fact and met its satisfying result. Advertise in facebook is also an effective way to reach target audience. Facebook has undeniable brings double edge effect to the life of many, and thus the studies of awareness of public both positive and negative impact of Facebook will be further examined by the researcher. Problem statement â€Å"With the creation of Facebook in 2004, colleges and universities across the United States have been playing catch-up with students. This new technology carries much weight as a new medium for students to build social connections and grow as members of their institutions. However, this new technology also brings negative implications such as lowered GPAs when with greater use,† proclaimed by Boogart. (2004) People may not aware of the double-sided impact of facebook in their lives. They only realize how social networking crushes them at the point where they had become the victim of social networking. Addiction to facebook will cause a lot of problem in our lives, such as widen the gap between friends and family as one willing to stick on the computer screen rather than socializing with people around. Seriously attach to facebook will also be an obstacle in performances. One may affect productivity during office hour due to the overly attached to facebook, student’s grades may fall due to this too. On the other hand, facebook was undeniable a convenient place to socialize and keep in touch. Do the public realize both the positive and negative impact of facebook to the society and are they the smart user or blind user of Facebook? Objectives The main purpose of this research is to determine the level of awareness among Malaysians regarding the impact of facebook in the life. Besides, it is also designed to identify media preference and consumption patterns of the public. Those findings will help in further effective message creations. The researcher strongly agrees that the public should have a better understanding of the double-edged impact of facebook, how it will affect their life and the potential direction/growth of facebook in the future Research Questions What is the role of media in creating awareness? What is the use of Facebook? What is the impact of Facebook? Significance Social networking had been a big hit all around the world, and has undeniable becomes a necessity for people all around the world. Most of us have limited knowledge about the pros and cons of social networking and are one of the blind users who use the site for granted. Majority of the people do not dwell much on the core meaning of social networking and thus had neglected many important issues which then had cause some serious agitation both positively and negatively. Upon all of the incidents that had happened all around facebook, it is necessary to alert the public about the double-sided effect of facebook. By listing all of the advantage and disadvantage of the impact of Facebook, It will aid in creating public’s awareness in personal security issue, social networking fraud and etc, such effort will certainly minimize the potential harm and also to brighten the horizon of the people about the emerging possibilities of facebook in various field. Limitation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first obstacle face during the research will be the individual’s bias. As the research is about the double edge impact of Facebook, predictable and unavoidable incidents such as intensive individuals will hold tight with their own perspective and will defy the oppositional view of it. For example, a Facebook supporter will always stand on his/her ground and strongly oppose the negative sides of Facebook, and oppositional, Facebook hater will always discriminates Facebook despite the advantages it brings. Fair and just opinion from both oppositional sides is critical in aiding the accuracy of the research. The next obstacle will be the sampling issue. Although everyone seems to be able to access to the Internet, there will still be minority of them whom are not familiar with the site. Have to be assure that the target sample is in alignment with the objective. Age range is important too due to the perspective and values holds are different along with age growth. Penetrating observation and estimation of the target sampling is essential in order to obtain accurate outcome of the research. Besides, another problem that has to be deal is the potential fraud/dishonesty responses from the target audience. They might want to please the researcher and distort their very own opinion or are afraid to voice their perspective out. Therefore, it is crucial to explain to them that the above survey is highly confidential and for educational purpose only before spreading out the questionnaire to them. Literature Review The Role of Media According to the journal â€Å"Role of media to engage the masses in water debates and Practices† by Shahzad (2008, p.2), the media is crucial in disseminating news, development facilitator and the agent of change in today’s times.   Mass media is essential in creating awareness of various issues as to shape publics’ perception and opinion, particularly with reference to environment issue. Public escalating attachment to the information technologies had aid the growth of the importance of mass media. (Shahzad and Paquistanà ­, 2008, p.2) Media coverage does influence social flow. Shahzad and Paquistanà ­ (2008, p. 5) argue that in their recent coverage of the poor quality of water and sanitation facilities in public hospitals of twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, they are able to attract federal health minister and the NGO to take action and had solved the above problem. Their media coverage had inspired and moved the authorities to install the filtration plant.   It shows that media is playing a crucial role in conveying the message to various parties and inspire changes. Dorji (n.d, p.1) claim that communication is always the primary elements in society, especially in this era called â€Å"satellite communication†; mass media has indeed a necessity in human existence. Information and knowledge is being exchange through communication and with the advance technology, distance and other boundaries had been overcome. Various mass media had aid in communication among people all around the world, so as to globalization. According to Menon (1981) (cited by Alahari, 1997) in the journal â€Å"Attitude towards Mass Media and its role in promoting Environment Consciousness† by Tshering Dorji , the function of mass media had been upgraded to serve a wider coverage at a faster pace worldwide. This indeed has helped the media to reach a wider audience. Moreover, media assists people all around to world to interact and connect with each other. (Dorji, n.d) According to the journal â€Å"Attitude towards Mass Media and its role in promoting Environment Consciousness† by Tshering Dorji, it had provided evidence that the media did influence in peoples’ decision making. The more one’s expose to media, the more he/she will be affected by the media. According to the above case study, it stated that mass media has a potential power in fostering a kinship for environmentalism. For instances, mass media had reinforced the links between the environment preservation and culture heritage in Bhutan Characteristic of Social networking Sites According to the report ‘Social Computing: Study on the Use and Impact of Online Social Networking’ by Romina Cachia, there are generally 6 characteristics of SNS, which are (1)presentation of oneself: a profile page; (2)externalization of date: viewing and sharing information; (3) new ways for community formation: communicate through various digital objects; (4) Bottom-up activities: idea platform for user to gathered; (5) ease of use: homepages are easy to create and development; and lastly (6) reorganization of Internet geography: removed geographic barrier. Nevertheless, SNS has drastically changes our way of communication. Differences between Social Networking Sites Different website serves different people and attracts different types of users despite their similarity of SNS. Like for example, ‘MySpace’ was generally used by musician; YouTube links people through videos; Flickr links people through pictures and etc. (Cachia, 2008) While on the other hand, Friendster was been utilized to get in touch with old friends and had attracted many youth due to its innovation. MySpace too was created based on that platform but had soon evolved into more of a music platform. On 2004, Flickr which had became known for its dynamic platform for sharing photos was emerged due to the popularity of SNS photo sharing. (Cachia, 2008) And up to date, Facebook with its massive of active users is the one most successful SNS. Cachia argues that the simplicity and ordered profiles has contributed to Facebook’s successfulness. The vast number of application too has added in fun aspect to Facebook users. The ‘wall’ which allow user to post pictures, comment and link is also another factor that lead its popularity among the public. Use of Facebook Boogart (2004) argues that majority use Facebook to stay in touch with high school friends. He founds out only 21.1% of people use Facebook to connect to college peers. Boogart (2004) also states that demographic play a role in defining the user and usage. Women and students are two large populations whom are the active Facebook users. According to him, one will feel more connected to people if he/she use Facebook more frequently. These trends had further extended the addiction of students towards Facebook. Simply put, the more one engages on Facebook the more addicted one would perceive themselves to be. According to the findings by Joinson (2008), he generally found out that people use Facebook to keep in touch with friends, social surveillance, re-acquiring lost contacts, to communicate by writing on wall or private message, sharing pictures, perpetual contact meaning just to find out people’s status, making new friends and simply because it is easy to use. Besides, according to Joinson (2008), social network serves as social an emotional support, information resources and ties to some people. Lampe et al. (2006) (cited by Joinson, 2008) states that there’s a differences in ‘social searching’ and ‘social browsing’ in Facebook. Social searching is to find out more information about someone offline while social browsing is an act uses Facebook to further develop a relationship. Lampe et al. (2006) (cited by Joinson, 2008) also notes social networking sites such as Facebook serves as a surveillance function, where by user is constantly updated about their friends and family, the groups where they belonged. Impact of Facebook (Positive and Negative) Positive Impact According to the journal â€Å"Lessons from Facebook: The Effect of Social Network Sites on College Students’ Social Capital† by Kee, Park and Valenzuela (2008), Facebook can aid in unify the community. For example, collective action can be called up common interests groups. Facebook can aid in fostering trust and norms by constantly exchanging opinions and views among users. Boogart (2004) indicates that Facebook had help to university administrators to connect with students in Campus. It helps them to feel ‘less stranger’ on the school ground and constantly help them to keep in touch with one another and school activities as well. According to Merritt (2008) (cited by Kee et al., 2008) Facebook no doubt is a social network sites that allow the users to deliver shared, relevant information, a place for exchanging ideas and thus had fulfill many of the promises of civic journalism. Besides, it is crucial for the media to help citizens to stay connected with the society especially in the time of damaged credibility in public institutions according to Rutigliano (2007) (cited by Kee et al., 2008). Ultimately, it had assist journalist and traditional news organizations in gaining lessons on how to reach individuals, especially young adults from the social network. Social networking can reduce relationships’ gap for those who are being apart by distances according to Thompson (2009). It brings them together despite the physical separation. According to Vocus (n.d), it stated that one have to understand the potential of social media can bring. Social media had removed the possible barriers one company has towards its audience, it aid in spreading the intended information, generate sales leads, gauge customers satisfaction and increase brand recognition. The social media has indeed provides the tools and tactics for a company and prove its value. Facebook help in creating social awareness among people, Facebook users will ultimately been updated by various news posted by their friends, making them aware of the incidents that had recently occurred and as well provide them a better understanding of things (Sagi, 2011) Facebook has help in increasing environment sensitivity among the user despite their hectic lifestyle. Negative Impact According to the thesis â€Å"Uncovering the Social Impacts of Facebook on a College Campus† by Boogart (2004), there is a significance relationship between heavy use of Facebook and lower GPA among students. Although Facebook was created to have a positive impact in person to person communication, studies show that it could have a harmful effect according to Thompson (2009).   Facebook was first been used as a way for liked minded students to share their life experiences and keep in touch. But it too had reduced the real connection in reality, the interpersonal connection between people. It is like an escapist experience and had displaced the real interaction to an alternative cyber world. According to the journal â€Å"Facebook Games by Design have a Negative Social Impact† (The University of Melbourne, 2010), Facebook games had causes problems such as addiction to internet, decreasing sociability, mis-education to children and fall in productivity among people. Facebook games can lead players distracted and addicted as well. The addiction should be categorized as mental disorder to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders according to Block J. (2008) (cited by The University of Melbourne, 2010), an American Journal of Psychiatry editorial writer. In addition, Facebook games are easy to be accessible in nature. It runs almost in every modern computer which allows nearly everyone to be able to play them. The game itself is designed to be addictive too; the in-game award system had leaded the players to further enhance their desire to accomplish the goal of the game (The University of Melbourne, 2010). Besides the game have a negative impact on the young. Facebook games such as Texas Poker has indeed encouraged the young user to be involved in gambling. Moreover, according to the journal â€Å"Facebook Games by Design have a Negative Social Impact† (The University of Melbourne, 2010), it stated that Facebook games causes degradation in academic achievement among the students. Students spend more time on Facebook rather than revising their works. Besides, it lowers the work productivity of office workers as well. Williams and Gulati (2008) argue that using Facebook to hold an online campaign is a non-significant, near zero impact on vote share only due to those candidates who made little effort to cultivate a social network presence and put together it into their campaign strategy.   Additionally, campaign supporter in Facebook is hardly to be defined. The amount of the supporter is either the real things or just a hoax created by the candidates themselves. Theory Applied Uses and Gratifications Theory Uses and Gratifications Theory applied in this research. As cited in Chasse and Jenkins (n.d, p2), West and Turner (2005) stated that Uses and Gratifications Theory implies that â€Å"people actively seek out specific media and specific content to generate specific gratifications† and also to explain people’s involvement and need for media. According to the article â€Å"The role of theories in Uses and Gratifications studies (1979)†, by Blumer, there are six types of audience activity (Bulmer, 1979) Firstly, people tend to use media to accomplish their task, like for example in this case; most of our respondents use Facebook to connect to their long lost friends. The second type is intentionality, where use of media is decided by the motive. Respondents’ use of Facebook was difference from one another; their intention behind their impulse can be listed from the purpose of entertainment to socialize as well as other reason. Thirdly, selectivity, whereby the choice of media reflects the existing interest. People can always choose other media besides Facebook to stay in connect with their friends, there must be significance behind every action they did. The attachment of public towards Facebook too has its own explanation. Fourthly is to influence, whereby people create own meaning from media content. Different media serve different purposes and effect and people in return decide what to absorb from the media and how the media will influence them. Facebook is convenient in every ways, whether to connect friends from a thousand miles away or to exchange pictures taken shortly ago. The beneficial of Facebook ultimately will have its own meaning to different individuals. Fifthly, fifth is activity, which means what people use media for. Like for instance, people listens to radio for the timeliness news and hits music, watch television for TV drama, and etc. Lastly, the activeness, meaning the freedom of the audience in involving. Public involved themselves more in forum or chat room that is found in the internet for the reason that the amount of freedom of participating in such activity is being granted. Media System Dependency Theory According to Maxian (2009), Media System Dependency theory in microscopic level is defined as â€Å"a relationship in which the capacity of individuals to attain their goals is contingent upon the information resources of the media system.† Those information resources can be categorized as the ability to create and gather, process, and disseminate information. While in the macro level, the theory is define as the social perspective if the greater increasing people become more dependent on the media, the impact of the media will rise and role of media in society will become more central. Facebook had already been globalization and many of us have been active users itself. The impact of Facebook in our lives can be seen in many prospects.   Maxian also proposed that the media is very powerful as it controls every information or resources that needed by the people to achieve their informational goals. As cited in Maxian (2009), Ball-Rokeach (1998) described that individuals are assumed to function along three main dimensions in the relation between individual and media dependency; which are goal, referent, and intensity. The goal dimension refers to the motivation of people to achieve their informational goals through the information that provided by the media. For example, people will seek information from media to reduce their stress, entertainment, as well as for self and social understanding. They also use media information as a guide on their daily interaction and situation faced. Facebook serves as many purposes for the public. Many of them claimed that they use Facebook for entertainment, to socialize, to kill times and to escape reality. Those intentions will further push the user to continue to stick on Facebook. Next will be the referent. The referent dimension refers to the number of media that the people used at once to accomplish his/her goal. For example, a person who is seeking information for his/her assignment will use various media such as newspapers, television, Internet and etc to complete his/her task. Finally, the intensity dimension refers to the extent of intensity of media used by an individual to achieve informational goal. For instances, if a media source such as the Internet provide the most and best information for people, the dependency of the Internet will be more intense in terms or achieving that informational goal. This can be explained the phenomenon of the addiction towards Facebook by the majority. People had found out what they can do in Facebook and how it had satisfied them in serving their own purpose, thus had strengthen their independency towards Facebook. Research Design Quantitative research method will be employed in this study. There are two major types of surveys, descriptive and analytical (Wimmer Dominick, 2006) a descriptive survey is to explain current conditions and attitudes at the moment, while the analytical survey is to explain why the situation exists. Apparently, descriptive survey will be fully utilized in this study to check on the awareness of the public about the double-edged effect of Facebook. The reason Quantitative research method is being employed in this study is because it is handy in every aspects to the researcher. Firstly, it helps the researchers to determine the exact situation; roots of the problem and behavior pattern can be defined. Usage of Facebook and public opinion on it can be well evaluated through quantitative research. Secondly, its economic friendly since the researcher do not have the sufficient amount of money to conduct other research method. Since this is a University assignment, researcher had no financial support to conduct the research. As such, quantitative is the most convenient and cost effective way to help the researcher her findings. Thirdly, quantitative research method is able to provide a better insight of the situation examined, again, usage of Facebook, media preferences of the public, demographics etc can be collected too. Fourthly, it is convenient and flexible; it can be conduct everywhere within the target compound. The researcher does not have to undergo complicated situation yet still able to get the accurate outcome. And lastly, there is numerous information that had already exist available for the researcher to use as primary sources or secondary sources. The positive and negative of   social network had been hotly debated by various journalist on the past decade, this as well had save the researcher a lot time and had provide the researcher a better guidelines to finish the assignment. Population and Sampling According to Wimmer Dominick (2006), population is a group of subjects, variables, concepts, or phenomena; an entire class or group is investigated in some cases. The population is this study will be the staff and students of Utar Kampar. It is impossible to cover the whole population of Utar Kampar, thus a sample will be selected. Sample is a subset of the population that is representative of the entire population (Wimmer Dominick, 2006). Through this study, 100 respondents age 18 and above will be randomly selected to complete the questionnaires. Location will be targeted at several hotspots in Utar: Block C, Block G, Cafeteria and other crowded places, not to forget via online too. The reason staff and students are being chosen as the targeted respondents is because they are familiar with the social networking site, Facebook and their lifestyle, media consumption are aligned with the study. Thus, by choosing the right criteria, the researcher believes that it will aid in finding the accurate outcomes of this study. Instrumentation Questionnaire will be utilized in this study by the researcher due to the excessive amount of questions can be asked and answer can be obtained on spot from a huge sample. The survey in this case study consists of three types of questions: (1) open-ended questions, which require the respondents to voice out their own opinion, give them freedom in answering questions and an opportunity to provide in-depth responses; (2) close-ended questions, a list of answer will be provided in which respondents can choose from; (3) likert-scale question, where by the respondent can be able to choose their answer based on the extent of their opinion, for example â€Å"strongly agree†, â€Å"neutral†, or â€Å"disagree.† Overall, the survey consists of five parts. The first part will be the demographic part in which require the respondents to answer some basic information such as gender, age and education background. The second part will be answering the research question: what is the role of media in creating awareness on the impact if Facebook, where by the researcher can get in-depth information about the respondents’ perception of media. The third part is to investigate the reason people attached to Facebook and will also question them about the impact of Facebook brings. The forth part consists of two sections, each of them study about positive impact and negative impact of Facebook. Respondents who agreed with the statement that there’s a double sided effect of Facebook in our lives will have to answer both section, and those who choose either one of the impact will be responsible solely to the chosen section. By categorizing the respondents in such ways, the researcher will have a better understanding of the perceptions of the majority towards the impacts of Facebook in their lives. The fifth part will be asking the respondents about their opinion alerting the public about the impact of Facebook and which media will yield the wildest effect in creating public’s awareness of the relative issues. Data Collection Survey will be collected at once after the respondents had completed it. There will be a direct interaction between the interviewer and interviewee. As such, the interviewer can be able to help the respondents if they do no understand the survey. The researcher will be using two kinds of methods to collect the surveys, mall interviews (on-spot interviews) and internet surveys. Mall interviews are a quick and inexpensive way to collect personal information (Wimmer Dominick, 2006). And of course the mall mentioned is referring to the crowded places found within the University’s compound during peak hours. The second method is the Internet surveys. According to Wimmer Dominick (2006), the process of internet survey is very simple, surveys will send out and completed via email. This method undeniable saves cost and is environment friendly. The survey had been completed in one week time, starting from 14th March 2011 to 20th March 2011. Data Analysis According to Wimmer Dominick (2006), statistics are mathematical methods to collect, organize, summarize, and analyze data. The researcher will use descriptive statistics to convert the huge amount of data into a much understandable and meaningful method. The researcher will present the data by using pie chart and bar chart, together with details description and explanation. Figure 2.8 denotes that 85% of respondents stated that the information/news from the media will certainly affect their attitude and behavior and had given their reason about it. They said it was because the message media brings is very persuasive and always is the truth of fact. Moreover, the media helped them to gain a better insight of things and lead them to wider perceptions of seeing things. Besides, the succeed of Shahzad and Paquistani (2008) using media to influence the attitude of the authority has it solid astand for the above statement. The remaining 15% of respondents’ behavior or attitude will not change by the media was because they found out the media is not a reliable source and some of them actually did not care about it. In sum, A lot of the information gained from the media inevitably will influence publics’ behavior. According to figure 3.0, 24% of respondents used facebook for both entertainment purpose and socialize. Another 21% claimed that the reason they used Facebook was because of the peer’s pressure while 16% was to kill times. Remaining 15% of the respondents affirmed that they were merely following the trend. West and Turner (2005) (cited by Chasse and Jenkins, n.d,) stated that Uses and Gratifications Theory implies that â€Å"people actively seek out specific media and specific content to generate specific gratifications† and also to explain people’s involvement and need for media. Facebook served different purpose for different people. Majority of the respondents had claimed that they used Facebook mainly for entertainment and to socialize. Again, the hectic lifestyle had make Facebook as an entertainment spread like a wildfire among the public. Insufficient time to socialize with one another can now be solved through Facebook. Discussion and Conclusion Discussion The researcher has been able to identify RQ1: the role of media in creating awareness. By referring to the findings (Q4), it can be presumed that most people use media for the purpose of entertainment, followed by surveillance. This is quite a norm to the society as people nowadays are busy in fulfilling their material life and thus do not have the ample time to do other things. Media, in such way has provided the public the best solution to be entertained and so as to be updated on various things.   As such, people are gradually influenced by the media (Shahzad and Paquistanà ­, 2008, p5). According to the findings of question 5, the role of media in creating awareness can be by constantly educating the public about relative issues, in this case is about the awareness of the public on the double sided effect of Facebook, is believes to have the widest effect in alerting the public. This shows that media have the power to influence and shape the public opinion. Shahzad and Paquistani (2008, p.2), also argue that media is essential in creating awareness to shape publics’ perception and opinion. Covering relative news to aware the public is also another way for the media to influence public. Truth fact is most likely credible and thus will motivate public to change. As stated by Shahzad and Paquistani (2008, p. 5), media coverage does influence social flow. Their coverage of the poor quality of water and sanitation facilities in public hospitals of twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad are able to attract federal health minister and the NGO to take action and had solved the above problem. Findings from question 6 states that most people found news from media is trustworthy and are aware of the latest issues broadcasted by the media (Q8). Such dependence to the media had prove that media plays an important role in them. Media has indeed become an necessity in the society (Dorji ,n.d, p.1). The level of public’s dependency towards media and the effect of it to the society found in research question 11, which is high in dependency has nevertheless establishes the claims of media dependency theory. The level of dependency of media will directly affect the role of the media in the society, the greater they rely on it, the superior media will be (Maxian , 2009). Next, the researcher is able to classify answers of RQII: What is the use of Facebook in part III of the questionnaire. People used Facebook for different purposes, such as ranking from the highest to the lowest according to the findings of question 13: entertainment, to socialize, to blend in the society’s trend and etc. User and gratification theory states that people seek specific media to generate specific gratification and thus explain their use and need for media (Chasse and Jenkins, n.d, p.2). Majority agree that Facebook has become a necessity in peoples’ lives (Q5). Again, media dependency theory stated that the superior the media get, the powerful it will have its impact on the society (Maxian, 2009), which had been aligned with the findings. Many had agreed with the statement that there’s a double sided effect of facebook in our lives (Q18). Part IV of the questionnaire is been designed to find out the answer for RQIII: What is the impact of Facebook. Both positive and negative impact will be scrutinized thoroughly. The potential of social media can bring is wide and effective in publicity according to Vocus (n.d), hence it is in line with the researcher’s findings which the respondents agree that Facebook aid in publicity (Q21). Facebook is able to reach a larger market regardless the location and financial. It is the most cost-effective to promote one’s company or product. Many had agreed that Facebook help them to keep in touch with friends (Q20). According to Thompson (2009), social networking can help in reducing the gap between relationships, whereby many of the respondents agreed as well. Constantly keep in touch with friends and families that are being apart help smoothen a relationships and will perhaps diminish the potential conflict between them. In addition, on the negative sides, many had agreed that Facebook causes degradation of studies (Q23). Boogart (2004) also stated that there is a significance relationship between heavy use of Facebook and lower GPA among students. Students had spent most of their time playing Facebook and therefore had neglected their studies. The Facebook game too had contributed to the above matters (The University of Melbourne, 2010). Moreover, most of the respondents states that Facebook will induce lower work productivity (Q23). The University of Melbourne (2010) do suggest that addiction to internet, decreasing sociability will aid in the fall in productivity among people. As for people busying building and maintaining their relationship via cyber world, the real relationship and interaction in the reality consequently will be hinder. About 22% of the respondents are consent of it (Q23). Thompson (2009) asserts that many had displaced the real interaction to an alternative cyber world. Based on the findings in question 24, faked Id, online fraud and hacker issues had been also hotly debated by the public. People no longer feel secure while online because they never know the source of their information. Online campaign is been categorized as a non-significant compare to the real campaign (Williams and Gulati, 2008). The information and the amount of the supporters are impossible to be defined. Majority of the respondents strongly agree that media should aware the public of the double sided effect Facebook brings. They knew the how Facebook can help in one life and to destroy one’s as well. Therefore, media such as newspaper, TV, radio, Internet campaign, etc must play their role to alert the public. Conclusion Assessing the importance of media in raising public’s awareness on the double-edged of Facebook is the primary objective in this study. This research also aims to determine the media role in society as well as to understand the impacts Facebook has towards the society. A total of 28 survey questions regarding public perception towards the importance of media role and the impacts of Facebook were studied. Research has shown that media is mainly serve as an entertainment, followed by surveillance, social interaction and personal identity. Researcher found out most of the respondents agree that media is a trustworthy source and had strongly relied on them. They trusted information from the internet more than news from newspaper as they believe that newspaper was in favor of the politicians. News and information from media poses a great power since they had the ability to alter, shape and influence public decision making. In addition, researcher is acknowledged that most of the respondents are active Facebook user and they agree that Facebook has become a necessity in peoples’ lives. They do aware of the double sided effect Facebook brings. The researcher had obtained the percentage of various positive and negative impacts facebook had from the survey questionnaires in which had provide the researcher about the perceptions of the public towards Facebook. Meanwhile, the researcher found out the negative news of Facebook will affect the use of Facebook among Facebook user. This shows that majority of Facebook user is still a smart user rather than a blind user. Lastly, researcher also gained an understanding about public opinion on whether the media should alert the public about the double sided effect of Facebook. Public has come in agreement that media plays an extremely important role in creating awareness. Internet has the best effect in alerting according to the findings. In short, this study is helpful in conveying important information on the impacts of Facebook. As a result, it has provided the researcher with a clearer understanding on the importance of media in creating awareness.

CRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Short - Case Study Example This article seeks to explore some of the problematic details in the relationship with specific reference to the value of unions to the Canadian economy. The general thinking behind the establishment of trade unions is the safeguarding of the welfare of workers. In the rush to make profits and enhance their corporate profile, companies may engage in trade practices that contravene their moral obligations to the workers. Proponents of trade unions including United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) work under the philosophy of protecting workers from the excesses of corporate practices (Business Case 8). Comparative evidence, case reviews and situation analyses indicate a gap in trade union activity between the United States and Canada. Unlike Canada, there has been a significant decline among workers in the United States to join trade unions (Bronfenbrenner, 2007). Differences in corporate culture and working practices have been cited a determining factor of the differences between the United States and Canada. Critical questions continue to attend to the question regarding the value of unions in the Canadian economy. Although collective bargaining agreement are meant to secure the interest of workers, past incidences show and precedence shows that companies would not easily cede to the demands by workers, which may lead to dire consequences on the economic front (Segerlund, 2010). Basically, collective bargaining denies the corporate world of the individual initiative and competition within the work force. This is because the workers are conditioned to operate under some common laws, which do not inspire the nurturing and growth of individual enterprise. One case that is easily recalled was the tussle that pitted Walmart and UFCW in 2009. Walmart refused to accept the condition set by the arbitrator and chose to close down its stores. Walmart’s action illustrated a growing resistance by the

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Making Sense of the Size of the Universe Assignment

Making Sense of the Size of the Universe - Assignment Example The 21st century man believes that he may have to share the universe with other beings in other planets. On the other hand, one who has not heard of the latest discoveries would think he owns the universe; thus, making him feel very special and significant. One does not think that the religious views and beliefs should be updated now that new discoveries are unearthed. Religion is a matter of faith. It should not be based on any scientific finding. Religion is one’s relationship with God, the Supreme Being. Even if there are other beings in the universe, one must still believe and trust that he is special in God’s eyes. One may choose to believe that even the other beings in the other galaxies are also special to God. Christianity need not be updated because of these new discoveries because Christianity is not based on the number of planets, stars or galaxies. It is very hard, if not impossible to reconcile science with religion. The vastness of the universe cannot dictate upon any individual a change in faith. The universe, the stars, the galaxies are not the core of one’s existence. An individual’s existence and significance is determined by his own view of life and his belief on the Creator who made him p art of the